Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and even made furs. These people formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced cedon, paper making, block printing, art styles and writing to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. At 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials were from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to join the army or construct fortifications.
By the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest part of the peninsula, and was at war with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They had to be obeyed by everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 and the movable metal type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, made of massive single stones, are common throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period the development paradigm of the country appears to be in flux. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, and by exaggerating fears about possible job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's growth is influenced by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies some key factors that seem to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17 percent said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science began in 1980, with a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event was attended by an audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The event was extensively covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the nation in universities and churches.
A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. 에볼루션 무료체험 at the KAIST university in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and got funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science, and it has hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that hold seminars and present talks to school children and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. At this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and immigrants from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to rise. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an alternative state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.